Selling Ice in Alaska: Employment Preferences and Statutory Exemptions for Alaska Native Corporations 40 Years After ANCSA

In 1971, Congress enacted the Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) in order to settle land disputes between Alaska Natives and the federal government. ANCSA established Alaska Native Corporations (ANCs), which were tasked with managing settlement funds to provide for the health, education, and economic welfare of Alaska Natives. To enable the ANCs to promote the interests of their shareholders, Congress exempted ANCs from certain employment restrictions contained in Title VII of the Civil Rights Act, but did not exempt ANCs from other worker-protective legislation. In subsequent decades, courts reviewing the preferential practices of ANCs have often construed these statutory exemptions narrowly, thus exposing ANCs to liability under various anti-discrimination statutes. This Article argues that Congress never intended to subject ANCs to these pieces of worker-protective legislation, despite court holdings to the contrary. The Article proposes two possible solutions to this discrepancy: (1) congressional amendment of ANCSA to clarify and further limit the extent of ANC liability; and (2) judicial adoption of a two-part test which would consider employment policies giving preference to Alaska Native shareholders in light of Congress\u27s intent to protect such preferences

Becoming a Child Care Provider

PDF pages: 2

Dna Double Strand Breaks Suppress Expression Of The Rag Recombinase: Mechanisms And Consequences

Developing B and T lymphocytes must rearrange the genomic sequence of antigen receptor genes by V(D)J recombination. The lymphocyte-specific endonuclease RAG, composed of Rag1 and Rag2, initiates this process by cleaving specific sites within antigen receptor loci. RAG expression must be carefully regulated to ensure that V(D)J recombination occurs only under appropriate circumstances. The Bassing laboratory has previously demonstrated that Igκ locus cleavage by RAG in pre-B cells initiates a feedback-inhibition signal suppressing RAG expression. Here, we show that DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) induced by a variety of genotoxic agents have a similar effect in suppressing mRNA expression of Rag1 and Rag2. This effect can be observed in pro-B cells, pre-B cells, and DN thymocytes, but is not found in DP thymocytes. Using primary pre-B cells as a model system, we show that DSBs activate ATM and Nemo to rapidly suppress transcription of Rag1 and Rag2. In pre-B cells, loss of Rag1 and Rag2 mRNA expression leads to loss of Rag1 protein, but Rag2 protein is more stable and persists in the absence of Rag2 mRNA. Suppression of Rag1 expression by DSBs is associated with suppressed RAG-mediated cleavage of the Igκ locus or an artificial recombination substrate in Abelson-transformed pre-B cells. However, simply over-expressing Rag1 does not allow cells to complete V(D)J recombination in the presence of DSBs, suggesting that other factors may also play a role in suppressing V(D)J recombination. Parallel studies indicate that that RAG-induced DSBs created during V(D)J recombination activate this suppressive signal to enforce allelic exclusion of IgH, TCRβ, and Igκ antigen receptor proteins. We discuss the importance of Rag1 and Rag2 suppression in the context of allelic exclusion and propose a role in maintaining genomic stability of developing B and T lymphocytes

HB1245: A Case Study Of The Process That Rescinded ND\u27s Nursing Education Requirements

A case study approach was used to examine House Bill1245 (HB1245, 2003) introduced by the ND Nurses Association (NDNA) in the 2003 58th ND Legislative Session. The purpose of this study was to trace the events and debates that rescinded the nursing education for entry-into-practice that existed since 1987. The study was designed to answer the following questions: (a) What events prompted the introduction of House Bill1245? (b) Who were the key actors during the legislative process? (c) What was the understanding ofHB1245 by nurses? (d) What factors influenced the outcome of HB1245? and, (e) Why did NDNA introduce HB1245? Data were drawn from relevant documents, including minutes of meetings, memos, e-mails, letters, legislative testimony, and interviews from key-informants representing the ND Nurses Association (NDNA), ND Long-term Care Association (NDLTCA), College and University Nursing Education Administrators (CUNEA), ND Board of Nursing (NDBON) and key legislators. John Kindgon\u27s multiple streams model provided an organizational tool for the refinement of gathered data and a base for data analysis. Three major themes emerged: (a) the NDNA members did not understand the rationale for HB1245 and felt disenfranchised after fighting for 17 years to maintain entry-into-practice, (b) tension and conflict occurred between the NDNA and NDBON resulting in the introduction of HB1245 by NDNA in response to the NDBON\u27s action of changing the Nurse Practices Act (NPA) to allow a nurse licensed in another state without a baccalaureate degree to continue practicing in ND without ever obtaining a baccalaureate degree, and (c) the complexity and ever changing status of HB1245 making it very difficult for nurses and legislators to understand. The findings also revealed a lack of communication between NDNA Board of Directors and the NDNA membership. Implications of this study demonstrates the need for the nursing profession to be aware of the political landscape before introducing legislation and to include the membership in major decision-making processes for any policy change to be effective

Meeting the needs of the gifted child in the sixth grade

Thesis (Ed.M.)--Boston University, 1947. This item was digitized by the Internet Archive

Effective Regional Community Development

Times are changing, and so are Extension programs. These changes affect every aspect of the educational effort, including program development, project funding, educational delivery, partnership building, marketing, sharing impacts, and revenue generation. This article is not about how Extension is restructuring to adapt to changes; instead, it highlights the advantages and disadvantages and will focus on practical, real-world strategies that two Ohio State University (OSU) Extension educators have employed to successfully implement regional community development programs

Building Blocks to Fun in the Sun

Building Blocks to Fun in the Sun is an educational applied research project that was implemented in Ohio. This article shares the process of the research, findings, and results that were implemented. The research could be duplicated in other geographic areas. The findings should enhance the educational endeavors of Extension educators

Building Blocks to Fun in the Sun

Building Blocks to Fun in the Sun is an educational applied research project that was implemented in Ohio. This article shares the process of the research, findings, and results that were implemented. The research could be duplicated in other geographic areas. The findings should enhance the educational endeavors of Extension educators

Gender mainstreaming in IWRM

THE GENDER WATER Alliance (GWA) was established in June 2000, to promote gender mainstreaming (GM) as an integral part of Integrated Water Resource Management (IWRM). GWA is an international network open to all organisations and individuals involved in IWRM and currently consists of 171 members from all over the world. It is hosted by a secretariat at the IRC-International Water and Sanitation Centre in the Netherlands and governed by a steering committee elected by the members. It is an Associate Programme of the Global Water Partnership (GWP) funded by governments of the Netherlands and United Kingdom. As a network the Alliance is working to achieve equity and equality amongst women and men, irrespective of age, colour, religion, culture, languages or income, in the use, management, and development of sustainable water resources. This is by advocating for equitable distribution of responsibilities, burdens and benefits. http://www.genderandwateralliance.org/ The GWA conducted a series of e-conferences (Jan-May 2002) and the Water Engineering and Development Centre (WEDC) facilitated and consolidated the lessons learnt from these on behalf of the alliance

Emotional Intelligence: A Pathway to Self-Understanding and Improved Leadership Capacities

In 1995, Goleman wrote his book, Emotional Intelligence, based upon Salovey and Mayer\u27s (1990) work. Since then, emotional intelligence (EQ) has become one of the hottest leadership topics in corporate America and has filtered into the not-for-profit and educational arenas as well. It is through an individual\u27s emotional intelligence that he/she will be able to deal with life and lead others in a more positive manner. This article described the successful incorporation of emotional intelligence training in Ohio State University Extension\u27s leadership training